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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (из книги "British Studies" by V. Pavlotskiy, St.Petersburg, 1996)

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FUNCTIONS OF THE MONARCH

The Queen reigns but does not rule. The United Kingdom is governed by Her Majesty's Government in the name of the Queen. There are still many important acts of government which require the participation of the Queen.

The Queen summons, prorogues and dissolves Parliament. Normally she opens the new session with a speech from the throne which outlines her Government's programme. When she is unable to be present, the Queen's Speech is read by Lord Chan¬cellor'. Before a bill2 which has passed all its stages in both Houses of Parliament becomes a legal entachment it must receive the Royal Assent3, which is usually declared to both Houses by their Speakers4.

The Queen is the "fountain of justice" and as such can, on the advice of the Home Secretary5, pardon or show mercy to those convicted of crimes under English law.

As the "fountain of honour" the Queen confers peerages, knighthoods6 and other honours. She makes appointments to many important state offices. She appoints or dismisses Govern¬ment ministers, judges, members of diplomatic corps. As Com-mander-in-Chief of the armed services (the Royal Navy, the Army and the Royal Air Force) she appoints officers, and as temporal head of the established Church of England she makes appoint¬ments to the leading positions in the Church.

The Queen has the power to conclude treaties, to declare war and to make peace, to recognize foreign states and governments, and to annex and cede territory.