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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (из книги "British Studies" by V. Pavlotskiy, St.Petersburg, 1996)

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OLIVER CROMWELL

OLIVER CROMWELL (1599-1658). Historians continue to argue about the character of Oliver Cromwell. Some consider him a bigoted tyrant, others regard him as a great reformer and one of those who built Britain into a world power. His own religious fanaticism and puritanical way of life were to govern the way men lived for a number of years.

Born in Huntington as the son of a small landowner, he received a strict Puritan education and studied at Cambridge. In 1628 he entered Parliament where he rose to become leader of those who opposed the absolutist policies of King Charles I. He organized the Parliamentary Army and formed the "Ironsides", his famous troop of cavalry recruited almost entirely from Independents who had shown themselves faithful to him and who were mainly members of the unorthodox Congregationalist Church1. During the Civil War, with the help of these troops, he was victorious over the Royalist forces at the battles of Marston Moor in 1644 and Naseby in 1645. Following the execution of Charles I in 1649 the Commonwealth was declared and England became a Republic. At its head stood Cromwell, with scant regard to the wishes of Parliament, so that in many ways the Republic was like a military dictatorship. In 1650 he defeated the uprisings in Ireland and Scotland. In 1651 he passed the Navigation Acts and in a naval war lasting three years finally defeated the Dutch. The new constitution of 1653 made Cromwell Lord Protector. War with Spain 1655-1660 resulted in the acquisition of Jamaika. In 1657 Parliament offered Cromwell the title of King but he refused and remained Lord Protector, while nominating his own House of Lords. On his death in 1658 he was succeeded by his son Richard.