Книги, главы из книг для написания диплома, курсовой работы, реферата по предмету Английский язык: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (из книги "British Studies" by V. Pavlotskiy, St.Petersburg, 1996)

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (из книги "British Studies" by V. Pavlotskiy, St.Petersburg, 1996)

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MARY STUART

MARY STUART, QUEEN OF SCOTS (1542-1587). Mary Stuart had become queen of Scotland when only a few days old. Sent to France at the age of five to be brought up by her mother's family, she was married to the Dauphin in 1558, the year that Elizabeth became queen of England. Her husband only reigned for one year as king before his death in 1560, and Mary returned as a widow to her own capital of Edinburgh. There she found that the country had been converted to Protestantism by the reformer John Knox and she had to consent to the undisturbed maintenance of the new creed.

The question of her second marriage was of high importance, her choice falling on her cousin Lord Darnley. The latter, however, was a weak and unworthy husband and within two years of the marriage was murdered by the simple method of blowing him up with gunpowder. This was almost certainly done with the agreement of the,queen, as was her "kidnapping" by the Earl of Bothwell, who had been the investigator of" the murder.

Within a very short time she was married to Bothwell, but this immediately led to rebellion all over the country. With her subjects in both political and religious opposition to her, Mary was forced to abdicate, and then, after escaping from prison and raising an army, which was defeated, to flee across the border to England.

The fateful choice of country for her exile took place in May 1568. Her reason for choosing England rather than France was that it was nearer and might provide her with the quickest chance of revenge. But there was no help coming from Elizabeth, for whom Mary's presence was an embarrassment. She was therefore detained in various castles for almost 18 years, since to have restored her to her throne by force was impossible politically and to have handed her over to the Scots for execution unthinkable treachery.

However, Mary, as was almost, inevitable, became involved in plots to overthrow the queen and gave eager encouragement to the designs for a Spanish invasion. Mary was therefore tried and condemned to death, her son James VI of Scotland, agreeing to "digest" his resentment provided her execution did not prejudice his own claim to the English succession on Elizabeth's death.

The death-warrant was signed in February 1587 and execution carried out a few days later at Fotheringay Castle.

The following year saw the defeat of the Invincible Armada and Elizabeth's reign gradually drew to a close, with the great events over and England's position firmly established.

On the queen's death in 1603, James VI of Scotland succeeded peacefully to the English throne as James I, thus uniting the two thrones and ending the hostility between the two countries.